Jummah prayer the best way to is an important facet of Islam, providing a deep understanding of the rituals and practices concerned. This information dives into the specifics, from preparation to etiquette, making certain a easy and knowledgeable expertise for all.
We’ll cowl every little thing from the importance of Jummah prayer and the situations for its validity to the assorted concerns for these unable to attend a mosque. It is a complete information to understanding the intricacies of this necessary Islamic observe.
Understanding Jummah Prayer

So, you’ve got heard of Jummah, the Friday prayer. It is a reasonably large deal in Islam, a communal gathering that is greater than only a ritual. It is an opportunity to attach together with your group, mirror in your religion, and yeah, even possibly rating some good gossip whilst you’re at it. However what precisely
-is* it? Let’s dive in!
Definition and Significance
Jummah prayer, or congregational Friday prayer, is an important facet of Islam. It is a communal prayer carried out in a mosque (or designated space) by Muslim males, and typically ladies, on Friday, between dawn and sundown. Its significance stems from the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) emphasis on its significance. It is a time for Muslims to collect, strengthen their bonds, and have interaction in a shared religious expertise.
This is not nearly following guidelines; it is about group, connection, and reaffirming religion. It is a reminder that we’re all on this collectively, spiritually talking.
Circumstances for a Legitimate Jummah Prayer
For Jummah to be legitimate, particular situations should be met. This is not nearly displaying up; it is about making certain the prayer is carried out appropriately and in accordance with Islamic teachings. This helps preserve the integrity and significance of the communal prayer. These situations embrace the presence of a sure variety of males, the time-frame (between dawn and sundown), and the presence of a chosen Imam to guide the prayer.
- Ample Variety of Males: A minimal variety of males should be current for the prayer to be thought of legitimate. That is necessary as a result of it displays the communal facet of Jummah. It is like a quorum, however for prayer.
- Time Constraints: Jummah prayer is carried out between dawn and sundown on Fridays. This time-frame is essential, and it is necessary to notice that it is not simply any Friday prayer. It should happen inside this particular window. It is like a deadline, however for religious enrichment.
- Imam’s Position: A chosen Imam leads the prayer, and the Imam needs to be somebody who’s educated and certified to guide the prayer. This position is important for the group’s religious steerage throughout the prayer. It is like having a talented coach to information you thru the religious exercise.
Roles and Duties
Throughout Jummah, varied roles and duties are distributed among the many attendees. It is not simply in regards to the Imam; everybody has a component to play, making the expertise a collaborative religious journey. It is like a well-oiled machine, the place every half works in concord to make your complete course of profitable.
- Imam: The Imam leads the prayer, delivering the khutbah (sermon), and making certain the prayer is carried out appropriately. Consider him because the conductor of the prayer orchestra, guiding everybody by way of the musical expertise.
- Attendees: These attending the prayer are anticipated to take part actively within the prayer, hearken to the khutbah, and respect the importance of the event. They’re just like the viewers, absorbing the religious vitality of the gathering and reflecting on the message.
Comparability with Different Muslim Prayers
Characteristic | Jummah Prayer | Each day Prayers (Salat) |
---|---|---|
Frequency | As soon as every week | 5 occasions a day |
Objective | Communal worship and reflection | Private reference to God |
Timing | Between dawn and sundown on Friday | Specified occasions all through the day |
Presence of Imam | Important | Not required for private prayers |
Khutbah | Included (sermon) | Not included |
This desk highlights the important thing variations between Jummah and the every day prayers, showcasing their distinct roles within the Islamic religion. Jummah focuses on group, whereas every day prayers emphasize particular person devotion. It is like evaluating a grand live performance with a quiet second of meditation. Each are worthwhile and necessary in their very own approach.
Making ready for Jummah Prayer
So, you’ve got obtained the Jummah prayer down pat, proper? Figuring out the rituals and the entire “why” behind it? Good. However there is a essential step typically neglected: the preparation. It is not nearly displaying up; it is about displaying up
-ready* to attach with Allah.
Consider it like preparing for a giant date together with your crush – you would not simply throw on something, would you? You’d wish to look your greatest, really feel your greatest, and be able to make a fantastic impression. Similar goes for Jummah.
Really useful Actions and Rituals
Earlier than heading to the mosque, there are specific actions and rituals which are extremely really helpful. These aren’t simply non-compulsory extras; they seem to be a method to actually immerse your self within the spirit of the prayer. Consider them as a warm-up on your religious exercise. They set the stage for a extra significant and targeted prayer.
- Taking a shower (Ghusl): This is not nearly cleanliness; it is a symbolic cleaning of the physique and spirit, making ready you to enter the prayer in a state of purity. Consider it as refreshing your thoughts earlier than a severe dialog.
- Sporting clear and modest apparel: Gown appropriately for the event. This is not about vogue; it is about respect for the prayer and the sacred area. It is about ensuring you are wearing a approach that does not distract you or others.
- Performing ablution (Wudu): It is a essential step, making certain you are bodily and spiritually prepared. It includes washing particular elements of your physique, symbolizing a purification of your intentions and a deal with prayer.
- Attending the prayer on time: Punctuality is essential. Displaying up on time is an indication of respect for the prayer and for the group. Being late is like displaying up late to a film; you are lacking out on the very best half.
Acceptable Apparel
Your apparel for Jummah ought to mirror respect and reverence. It is not about vogue statements, however about displaying respect for the sacred event. Consider it as your uniform for a particular occasion.
- Clear and modest clothes: Keep away from something which may distract you or others from the prayer. Gown in a approach that reveals respect for the mosque and the prayer itself. Consider it as sporting your Sunday greatest for church.
- Males: Sometimes, a clear and modest outfit is anticipated. Take into account conventional clothes if you wish to totally embrace the spirit of the prayer. For instance, some males put on thobes or different modest clothes.
- Ladies: Modesty is essential, identical to in every day life. Ladies ought to cowl their our bodies modestly, respecting the sacred area. Keep away from something too revealing or flashy. You wish to really feel comfy and respectful.
Bodily Preparation
Your bodily well-being performs an important position in your means to focus throughout Jummah. Feeling good lets you deal with the prayer.
- Getting sufficient relaxation: Satisfactory sleep is crucial for a transparent thoughts and a targeted physique. Keep away from being groggy or drained; it makes the prayer more durable.
- Consuming a light-weight meal: A heavy meal proper earlier than prayer could make it tough to pay attention. A lightweight meal, nevertheless, helps hold you targeted. It is about selecting what’s greatest on your religious state.
- Sustaining a wholesome physique: A wholesome physique is a greater automobile for a targeted thoughts. This helps you focus throughout the prayer.
Step-by-Step Information
- Carry out Wudu (ablution): Cleanse your self bodily and spiritually.
- Gown modestly: Choose acceptable apparel that displays respect for the prayer.
- Eat a light-weight meal: Keep away from a heavy meal earlier than prayer to keep away from distraction.
- Arrive on time: Respect the prayer time and the group.
- Discover a appropriate place: Select a spot that lets you deal with the prayer.
- Interact in prayer: Concentrate on the rituals and search closeness to Allah.
Frequent Errors to Keep away from
Making a number of errors in your preparation can considerably affect your Jummah expertise. It is about being conscious of those frequent pitfalls.
- Neglecting Wudu (ablution): It is a elementary step, making certain you are correctly ready. Ignoring it could actually make your prayer much less significant.
- Arriving late: Being on time is essential, reflecting respect for the prayer and the group. Being late is disrespectful.
- Sporting inappropriate apparel: Gown modestly, respecting the sacred area. Inappropriate apparel can disrupt your focus and that of others.
- Overeating earlier than prayer: A heavy meal earlier than prayer could be a distraction. Preserve it mild.
Performing the Jummah Prayer
Alright, so you’ve got prepped for Jummah, understood the whys and wherefores, now it is time to truly
-do* it. This ain’t nearly standing there, it is about connecting with one thing larger than your self. Image it like a dance, a lovely choreography of motion and prayer. Let’s dive in, lets?
The Sequence of Actions
Performing Jummah prayer is a structured sequence of actions, every step contributing to the general religious expertise. It is not nearly following steps, it is about understanding the which means behind every motion. Think about it as a symphony, every notice important to the great thing about the entire.
Step | Motion | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Making ready for Prayer | Gathering on the mosque, ensuring you are correctly dressed and mentally prepared. That is the place the religious journey begins. |
2 | First Takbir | The primary “Allahu Akbar” (God is the best), marking the start of the prayer. A declaration of devotion. |
3 | Studying of the Khutbah | The Imam will ship a sermon (khutbah) targeted on Islamic teachings and steerage. Pay attention attentively, it is an opportunity to mirror. |
4 | Second Takbir | One other “Allahu Akbar” signifying the beginning of the prayer itself. |
5 | Standing (Qiyam) | Standing upright, dealing with the Qibla (route of Mecca), reciting the opening surahs of the Quran (like Al-Fatiha). Really feel the connection to the divine. |
6 | Ruku’ | Bowing from the waist, with a mild, managed motion. A gesture of humility earlier than the Almighty. |
7 | Sujud | Prostrating, inserting your brow, nostril, arms, and knees on the bottom. A whole give up to Allah’s will. |
8 | Tashahhud | Reciting a particular phrase (Tashahhud) that expresses religion and gratitude. A ultimate affirmation of perception. |
9 | Salam | Giving the peace greeting (Salam) twice. A gesture of peace and goodwill in direction of others. |
Appropriate Takbir, Ruku’, Sujud, and Tashahhud, Jummah prayer the best way to
These are the elemental actions of prayer. Mastering them is essential to a satisfying Jummah expertise.
Takbir: Pronounce “Allahu Akbar” with a transparent, robust voice. Think about you are shouting your devotion to the world. Do not mumble! Think about your voice echoing in an enormous mosque.
Ruku’: Bend out of your waist, protecting your again straight. Your arms ought to relaxation in your knees. Consider it as a deep bow of respect. Attempt to preserve a straight line out of your head to your heels. Keep away from collapsing.
Sujud: Place your brow, nostril, arms, and knees on the bottom. Relaxation your weight evenly. Really feel the connection to the earth, and let go of all worldly issues. Keep away from letting your elbows sprawl outwards, hold them near your physique.
Tashahhud: Recite the Tashahhud in a peaceful and targeted method. Keep in mind the phrases, and perceive their which means. It is a reminder of your beliefs. That is your final affirmation earlier than transferring to the following part.
Etiquette and Conduct Throughout Jummah Prayer
So, you’ve got mastered the steps, memorized the supplications, and now you are prepared to beat Jummah prayer like a professional. However maintain your horses, my buddy! There’s extra to Jummah than simply the bodily act. It is in regards to the
- perspective*, the
- respect*, the
- entire bundle*. Think about Jummah as a flowery ceremonial dinner—you would not present up in your pajamas, proper? Equally, Jummah calls for a sure degree of decorum.
The entire level of Jummah prayer is to attach with Allah and our fellow Muslims in a religious environment. Correct etiquette ensures that this environment is certainly one of peace, focus, and reverence. A great perspective and respect will not be simply nice-to-haves, they’re the center of the prayer.
Correct Conduct Towards the Imam
Displaying respect to the Imam is essential. He is main the prayer, guiding us in direction of Allah. Pay attention attentively to his directions, comply with his actions exactly, and check out your greatest to know the prayers he leads. Keep in mind, the Imam will not be some type of authority determine; he is your religious information, a fellow traveler on the trail to Allah. A little bit little bit of respect goes a good distance.
Respecting Fellow Worshippers
Jummah prayer is a collective act. Your fellow worshippers are there for a similar motive you might be—to hunt closeness to Allah. Be conscious of your environment. Keep away from boisterous conversations, loud cellphone calls, or any exercise which may disturb these round you. Think about how irritated you would be if somebody stored interrupting your focus throughout your personal private time.
Specializing in the Prayer and Avoiding Distractions
That is the place the true magic occurs. Put away your telephones, flip off your notifications, and banish any distractions out of your thoughts. Concentrate on the phrases of the prayer, the actions, and the connection you are constructing with Allah. Consider it like this: in case you’re making an attempt to have a deep dialog with a buddy, you would not be glued to your cellphone, proper?
Your focus must be on the prayer, not on the most recent TikTok pattern.
Dos and Don’ts Throughout Jummah Prayer
Sustaining the sanctity of Jummah prayer requires conscious conduct. Here is a fast information:
- Do: Arrive early to safe a great spot and take part totally within the prayer.
- Do: Pay attention attentively to the Imam and comply with his steerage.
- Do: Interact in honest supplications and deal with the reference to Allah.
- Do: Preserve a quiet and respectful demeanor round fellow worshippers.
- Do: Gown modestly and appropriately for prayer.
- Do not: Interact in pointless conversations or actions that might distract others.
- Do not: Use your cellphone or different units which will disrupt the prayer.
- Do not: Interact in actions which will trigger discomfort to others.
- Do not: Distract others throughout the prayer.
- Do not: Be late for the prayer; it is necessary to be on time to keep away from disturbing others.
Discovering a Jummah Mosque

Discovering the suitable Jummah mosque can really feel like trying to find a needle in a haystack, particularly in a brand new space. It is not nearly discovering a spot to wish; it is about discovering a group, a way of belonging, and a spot the place you’re feeling spiritually linked. This information will assist you to navigate the method, from on-line searches to native inquiries, so you will discover a mosque that matches your wants and feels proper.Discovering the proper Jummah mosque is like discovering your good pair of sneakers—it is about consolation, type, and practicality.
You might want to take into account issues like location, group, and the general vibe. Figuring out the place to look and what to search for is essential to discovering a mosque that actually resonates with you.
On-line Sources for Mosque Locators
Discovering a mosque on-line is like utilizing a GPS on your religious journey. It streamlines the method, saving you effort and time. Quite a few web sites and apps are devoted to serving to Muslims find mosques worldwide. These sources typically present detailed info, together with contact particulars, prayer occasions, and even group occasions.
- Google Maps: A broadly used software, Google Maps might help pinpoint mosques primarily based in your present location or a particular handle. This could be a nice place to begin to get a common thought of mosques close to you.
- Muslim Group Web sites/Directories: Devoted web sites and directories typically record mosques and supply contact info. These are often curated by the group, providing a extra particular and reliable strategy than common engines like google.
- Devoted Mosque Discovering Apps: A number of apps are particularly designed to assist Muslims find mosques. These apps typically incorporate prayer occasions, instructions, and different important particulars, making the search extra handy.
Examples of Mosque Locator Web sites and Apps
Varied on-line sources can help you to find an appropriate Jummah mosque. These instruments present a handy method to uncover mosques primarily based in your location and preferences.
- IslamQA.information: A famend Islamic web site, IslamQA.information might need a piece or useful resource for locating mosques, although its major operate is not particularly mosque discovering.
- MuslimFinder.com: This web site is explicitly devoted to discovering mosques and Islamic facilities. It might supply a complete record of mosques in numerous areas.
- Particular Muslim group platforms: Relying in your group or nationality, devoted platforms for Muslims might need boards or sections to record and suggest mosques inside a selected space.
Elements to Take into account When Selecting a Mosque
Selecting a mosque is a private choice, just like choosing your favorite restaurant. You need a spot that feels comfy, accessible, and supportive. The next components needs to be thought of to search out the very best match on your wants.
Issue | Rationalization |
---|---|
Location | Proximity to your private home or office is essential for ease of entry. Take into account journey time and parking availability. |
Group Environment | A welcoming and supportive surroundings is important. Assess the general environment and interactions between congregants. |
Prayer Services | Take into account the dimensions and facilities of the prayer corridor, comparable to the supply of restrooms, water fountains, and prayer mats. |
Imam and Khutbah | The Imam’s steerage and the content material of the Khutbah are necessary elements of the mosque’s religious choices. |
Group Actions | Some mosques supply further actions like lessons, social gatherings, or charitable initiatives. Take into account if these align together with your pursuits. |
Jummah Prayer for Totally different Conditions: Jummah Prayer How To
Gue ngerasa, Jummah itu penting banget. Bukan cuma soal sholat berjamaah, tapi juga soal kebersamaan dan ukhuwah. Tapi, gimana kalau ada halangan? Entah karena perjalanan jauh, sakit, atau keterbatasan fisik? Tenang aja, ada aturannya kok.
Islam itu rahmatan lil alamin, kan? Pastinya ada solusi yang bijaksana.
Performing Jummah Prayer for People Unable to Attend the Mosque
Kalau nggak bisa ke masjid, ada beberapa cara. Yang paling penting adalah niat dan keikhlasan. Bisa sholat Jum’at di rumah, dengan syarat tertentu. Biasanya, syarat-syarat ini berkaitan dengan kondisi fisik dan kemampuan untuk menggantikan sholat Jum’at yang tertinggal. Misalnya, kalau lo nggak bisa hadir karena sakit, atau ada halangan lain, lo bisa mengganti sholat Jum’at itu di lain waktu.
Penting banget baca dalil dan aturannya, biar sholat lo sah dan berkah.
Performing Jummah Prayer Throughout Journey
Kalau lagi jalan-jalan jauh, gimana nih? Jangan khawatir, Jummah tetap bisa dilakukan. Kalau lo yakin bisa hadir di masjid, dan waktunya tepat, ya wajib sholat Jum’at. Tapi, kalau jaraknya jauh banget dan waktunya bertepatan dengan perjalanan, lo bisa mengakhirkan sholat Jum’at itu sampai lo kembali ke daerah yang bisa menjalankan sholat Jum’at. Ingat, keikhlasan dan niat itu yang paling utama.
Performing Jummah Prayer Throughout Sickness
Sakit itu ujian, tapi ibadah tetap wajib dijalankan semampu kita. Kalau lo sakit dan nggak bisa ke masjid, lo boleh sholat Jum’at di rumah. Perlu diingat, lo nggak boleh memaksakan diri kalau kondisinya masih belum memungkinkan. Penting juga untuk berhati-hati, jangan sampai karena memaksakan diri, malah memperburuk kondisi kesehatan. Prioritas utama adalah kesehatan.
Performing Jummah Prayer for People with Disabilities
Orang dengan keterbatasan fisik, juga bisa menjalankan Jummah. Ada beberapa cara, tergantung dari jenis keterbatasannya. Yang terpenting adalah bagaimana mereka bisa menjalankan sholat dengan baik, sesuai kemampuannya. Penting banget cari tahu tata cara sholat Jum’at yang sesuai dengan kondisi mereka. Kadang perlu bantuan, tapi yang paling penting adalah niat dan usaha maksimal.
Performing Jummah Prayer for These with Geographical Limitations
Nah, kalau lo tinggal di daerah terpencil, atau jauh dari masjid, gimana? Itu bukan berarti lo nggak bisa sholat Jum’at. Prinsipnya sama seperti ketika lo bepergian jauh. Kalau lo bisa sholat Jum’at di tempat lain, dan waktunya tepat, ya wajib. Tapi, kalau nggak memungkinkan, bisa mengakhirkan sholat Jum’at itu sampai ada waktu yang memungkinkan.
Intinya, usahakan semampu mungkin, dan jangan lupa niat.
Understanding the Khutbah (Sermon)
The Khutbah, an important a part of Jummah prayer, is not only a speech; it is a guided reflection, a reminder, and a name to motion. Think about it as a religious pep speak, a dose of knowledge delivered proper earlier than the primary prayer. It is an opportunity to attach with the deeper which means of Islam, to refresh our understanding, and to organize our hearts for the prayers forward.
Significance and Objective of the Khutbah
The Khutbah is not merely an additional exercise; it is a very important part of the Jummah prayer. It is a area for the Imam to deal with the group, to ship a message of steerage, and to remind us of our duties as Muslims. The aim goes past merely reciting verses; it is about making use of these verses to our every day lives. This sermon is a catalyst for reflection and a method to strengthen our religion.
Subjects Generally Addressed within the Khutbah
The Khutbah can cowl a variety of matters, at all times specializing in the core rules of Islam. Frequent themes embrace reminders of Allah’s greatness, encouragement for good deeds, warnings towards sins, and a name for unity inside the group. They typically discover the significance of moral conduct, social justice, and private accountability.
Anticipated Conduct In the course of the Khutbah
In the course of the Khutbah, the perfect conduct is certainly one of attentive listening and respectful contemplation. This is not nearly sitting quietly; it is about actively absorbing the message and reflecting on its which means. Keep away from aspect conversations, distractions, or any exercise that disrupts the circulate of the sermon. Sustaining focus and a respectful perspective is essential to completely benefiting from the Khutbah.
Examples of Insightful Subjects the Khutbah May Cowl
The Khutbah can discover an enormous array of insightful matters. A Khutbah may focus on the significance of endurance within the face of adversity, reminding listeners of the facility of perseverance and the reward that awaits those that endure. It might additionally spotlight the importance of gratitude, emphasizing the significance of appreciating the blessings in our lives. One other insightful matter is likely to be the significance of giving charity and serving to these in want, emphasizing that acts of kindness and generosity are elementary to a powerful group.
Typically, the Khutbah may additionally deal with present occasions or societal points by way of the lens of Islamic teachings, providing steerage and options primarily based on Islamic rules. It might be in regards to the significance of forgiveness, reminding us that holding onto grudges is dangerous and that looking for forgiveness is an indication of power. Or, it is likely to be a dialogue in regards to the correct conduct of a Muslim within the trendy world, navigating the challenges and alternatives of latest life whereas remaining true to Islamic values.
Frequent Misconceptions about Jummah Prayer
So, Jummah prayer, proper? It is a fairly necessary a part of Islam, however typically, individuals get it a bit… twisted. Like, picturing an entire bunch of dudes in robes, chanting in unison, whereas an enormous, glowing prophet determine watches from above. Not fairly that, proper?
Let’s dive into the frequent misunderstandings and set the file straight.Jummah prayer is greater than only a ritual; it is a group gathering, a time for connection, and an opportunity to strengthen our religion. However, some misconceptions can blur the strains, making it appear extra difficult than it truly is. Let’s clear the air.
Frequent Misconceptions Defined
There are a number of frequent misunderstandings about Jummah prayer that want addressing. Some individuals assume it is necessary for everybody, even when they’ve legit causes for lacking it. Others may consider it is simply one other abnormal prayer, forgetting its distinctive significance. And a few may even assume it is a time for displaying off or competing. All these concepts, although, are removed from the reality.
Obligatory Attendance: A Nuance
Jummah prayer is compulsory for males, however provided that they meet particular situations: being a Muslim, grownup, sane, free, and current within the metropolis or city the place the Jummah prayer is being held. Ladies, whereas inspired to attend, will not be obligated. This is not about excluding ladies; it is about acknowledging the distinctive roles and duties in society. It is about acknowledging the totally different conditions that folks might face.
The Uniqueness of Jummah Prayer
Jummah prayer is not simply one other prayer; it is a congregational prayer, a time for coming collectively as a group. It has a particular construction, with a khutbah (sermon) that focuses on necessary Islamic teachings and present occasions. This makes it a pivotal second for religious reflection and communal strengthening.
Etiquette and Conduct Throughout Jummah
Respect and decorum are important throughout Jummah prayer. Being punctual and sustaining composure are key. Avoiding distracting conduct, like extreme speaking or inappropriate actions, reveals respect for the sanctity of the prayer and the group.
Ceaselessly Requested Questions
- What if I am not in a position to attend Jummah prayer? When you have a sound excuse, like sickness or a real want, you are not obligated to attend. That is primarily based on Islamic rules, which prioritize well-being.
- What’s the significance of the Khutbah? The Khutbah is not only a speech; it is a essential a part of Jummah prayer, providing steerage on necessary Islamic teachings, social points, and present occasions. It offers a platform for group training and reflection.
- Is Jummah prayer just for males? Whereas males are obligated to attend Jummah prayer in the event that they meet the precise situations, ladies are inspired to take part and will not be obligated.
- What’s the significance of the congregation in Jummah prayer? The congregational facet of Jummah prayer is a core a part of the ritual. It fosters a way of unity and shared goal inside the group.
Last Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding Jummah prayer the best way to goes past merely following steps; it is about connecting with the religious essence of the prayer and upholding the etiquette that makes it a communal expertise. This information equips you with the information and perception to completely embrace Jummah prayer, no matter your scenario or background.
FAQ Insights
What are the really helpful actions earlier than attending Jummah prayer?
The really helpful actions earlier than attending Jummah prayer embrace performing ablution (wudu), dressing appropriately, and having good intentions.
How is Jummah prayer carried out for people who cannot attend the mosque?
People unable to attend the mosque can nonetheless carry out Jummah prayer at house, following the identical steps as within the mosque however with out the congregational facet.
What are some frequent errors to keep away from when making ready for Jummah prayer?
Frequent errors embrace neglecting ablution, being late, or not having the suitable intention.
What are the totally different roles and duties throughout Jummah prayer?
The Imam leads the prayer, whereas the congregation follows. Every particular person has a task in making certain the prayer is carried out with respect and focus.